KASTURIRANGAN REPORT: CRITICAL STUDIES
P\§fpsS Bi¦bpw IkvXqcncwK³ dnt¸mÀ«pw: HchtemI\w
]ÝnaL«kwc£Ww
kw_Ôn¨ IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn dnt¸mÀ«v \S¸nem¡n tI{µ]cnkvYnXna{´mebw D¯chv
]pds¸Sphn¨p. IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn ]cnkvYnXnteme taJeIÄ¡mbn aptóm«ph¨ Aôp
hyhkvYIÄ \nÀtZicq]¯nð ]cnkvYnXn a{´mebw ]pd¯nd¡nbtXmsS kwkvYm\¯p
]cnkvYnXn \nb{´W§Ä _m[Iamb 123 hntñPpIÄ DÄs¸« aetbmctaJe ISp¯
Bi¦bnembn. IcSp hnÚm]\w Cd§póXn\p ap³]pXsó dnt¸mÀ«nse Aôp Imcy§Ä
\S¸m¡m³ \nÀtZiw hóXmWp tIcf¯nð ]cnkvYnXnteme taJebnð IgnbpóhcpsS,
hntijn¨pw aetbmc IÀjIcpsS B[n¡p ImcWw.
tIcf¯nð ]ÝnaL« kwc£W¯n\p tI{µ ]cnkvYnXn a{´mebw kzoIcn¡pó \S]SnIsf¡pdn¨pÅ Bi¦ hoïpw DbÀóncn¡póp. AXnsâ {]Xn^e\amWp tIcf¯nsâ aetbmc taJeIfnepïmb {]Xntj[§Ä. P\§fpsS Bi¦IfpsS Bghpw Xo{hXbpw IW¡nseSp¡msXbmWp hnjbs¯ tI{µ a{´mebw kao]n¡pósXómWp aetbmc P\XbpsS Bt£]w. N«¸Sn `mjbnepw kmt¦XnI kz`mh¯nepapÅ \nÀtZi§Ä \ðIpt¼mÄ, AXnsâ ImcyImcW§Ä kphyàambn ]dbmt\m am[ya§tfmsS¦nepw hniZoIcn¡mt\m a{´mebw Xbmdmbnñ. adn¨mbncpsó¦nð, Ct¸mgpïmbncn¡pó Xcw {]XnIcW§Ä DïmIpambncpónñ.
tIcf¯nð ]ÝnaL« kwc£W¯n\p tI{µ ]cnkvYnXn a{´mebw kzoIcn¡pó \S]SnIsf¡pdn¨pÅ Bi¦ hoïpw DbÀóncn¡póp. AXnsâ {]Xn^e\amWp tIcf¯nsâ aetbmc taJeIfnepïmb {]Xntj[§Ä. P\§fpsS Bi¦IfpsS Bghpw Xo{hXbpw IW¡nseSp¡msXbmWp hnjbs¯ tI{µ a{´mebw kao]n¡pósXómWp aetbmc P\XbpsS Bt£]w. N«¸Sn `mjbnepw kmt¦XnI kz`mh¯nepapÅ \nÀtZi§Ä \ðIpt¼mÄ, AXnsâ ImcyImcW§Ä kphyàambn ]dbmt\m am[ya§tfmsS¦nepw hniZoIcn¡mt\m a{´mebw Xbmdmbnñ. adn¨mbncpsó¦nð, Ct¸mgpïmbncn¡pó Xcw {]XnIcW§Ä DïmIpambncpónñ.
IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn ]cnkvYnXnteme taJeIÄ¡mbn aptóm«ph¨ Aôp hyhkvYIÄ
- ]cnkvYnXnteme{]tZiambn
tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅ CS§fnð, D¯chv ]pds¸Sphn¨ \hw_À 13 apXð J\\w, Izmdn
{]hÀ¯\w, Xm]sshZypX\neb§Ä, 20,000 NXpc{iaoätdm AXne[nItam hcpósI«nS§tfm
aäv \nÀanXnItfm Dïm¡póXv Fónh \ntcm[n¨n«pïv.
- 50 slÎdne[nIw hnkvXrXn hcpó S¬jn¸pw hnIk\]²XnIfpw ‘Nph¸v’ hn`mK¯nðs¸Spó hyhkmb§fpw ChnsS \ntcm[n¨p.
- G{]nð
17-\v ap¼v, a{´meb¯nsâ ]cnkvYnXn{]XymLmXhnebncp¯ð kanXnbpsStbm
kwkvYm\]cnkvYnXn {]XymLmXhnebncp¯ð hIp¸nsâtbm ]cnKW\bnencn¡pó tIkpIÄ
Chbnð \nóv Hgnhm¡n. At]£ \ðInb kab¯v \nehnepÅ amÀK\nÀtZi§Ä am{Xta Chbv¡v
_m[IamIq.
- Nph¸v’ hn`mK¯nðs¸Spó hyhkmb§fnð tI{µaen\oIcW\nb{´W t_mÀUnsâ ]«nIbnðs¸«h am{Xañ, kwkvYm\aen\oIcW \nb{´Wt_mÀUnsâ ]«nIbnðs¸«hbpw DÄs¸SpóXmbn D¯chnð ]dbpópïv.
- ]ÝnaL«¯nsâ
60 iXam\hpw a\pjyÀ IpSntbdpIbpw tXm«§fpw aäpw kvYm]n¡pIbpw
sNbvXpIgnªXmbn IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn dnt¸mÀ«nð ]dªn«pïv. 40 iXam\w am{XamWv
kzm`mhnI\nebnepÅXv. ssPh]cambn k¼óambXpw XpSÀ¨ \ne\nÀ¯póXpamb `q`mKw
GXmïv 59,940 NXpc{iIntemaoäÀ hcpw. AXmbXv 37 iXam\w. ChnsSbmWv
kwc£nXh\§fpw temIss]XrI {]tZi§fpw ISph þ B\ CS\mgnIfpw aäpapÅXv. Cu
taJebmWv kanXn ]cnkvYnXnteme{]tZiambn Isï¯nbncn¡póXv.
IkvXqcn cwK I½oj\nð HcnS¯pw km[mcW¡mcs\ IpSnsbmgn¸n¡mt\m km[mcW¡mcsâ PohnXs¯ {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡pó bmsXmcp ip]mÀibpw Cñ FómWv a\knem¡póXv. \½psS ISð Xochpw, ]pgbpw, tXmSpw AXnâ Xoc§fpw hbepw, Ipfhpw, Pehpw Fñmw CXnt\mSIw \in¸n¨p. C\n Ingt¡ AcnInð Nne h\{]tZi§Ä am{Xw. AXpw IqSn sh«n sXfn¨mð FñmhÀ¡pw kam[m\w. IkvXqcn cwK dnt¸mÀ«ns\ P\§Ä¡nSbnð sXämbn hymJym\n¨p P\§fpsS hnImcw Cf¡nhn«p kzmÀYt\«§Ä¡v thïn hr¯nsI« cm{ãob\mSIw Ifn¡póhÀ {]IrXnsbñmw \in¨p Poh³ \ne\nÀ¯m³ tIgpó hcpwXeapdtbmSv adp]Snbpw IW¡pw ]eni klnXw ]dtbïn hcpw.
AhnsS Irjn thï Ftóm hnIk\w thï Ftóm Hópañ. ]s£, {]IrXntbmSp CW§pó coXnbnð thWw AXv \S¸nem¡m³ FóXv am{XamWv Bhiyw. ]ÝnaL«Xnt\mSv tNÀó ae\ncIfnð \qdpIW¡n\v Icn¦ð IzmdnIÄ Dïv. Ah Dïm¡pó ]mcnkvYnI BLmX§Ä BZyw _m[n¡pI AhnsS Pohn¡pó P\§sfbmWv.
hcpw Xeapd¡pw \ap¡v In«nb ku`mKy§fpw shÅhpw `£Whpw \ñ
ImemhkvYbpw a®pw \ðIpI FóXv \½psS ISa am{XamWv. kpkvYnc hnIk\w
km[yamIWw F¦nð AXv {]IrXntbmSpw a\pjyt\mSpw CW§pó coXnbnð hn`mh\w
sN¿Ww. Asñ¦nð ]cnWnX ^e§Ä `oIcambncn¡pw.
]ÝnaL«¯nsâ kwc£W¯n\mbn IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn \ðInb \nÀtZi§fnð tI{µ¯n\p
kzoImcyambh DÄs¸Sp¯nbpÅ IcSv hnÚm]\¯n\p adp]Sn \ðIm³ kwkvYm\§Ä¡p \mep
amkw kabw \ðIpópïv. Ignª Znhkw ]pd¯nd¡nbXp ]cnkvYnXn teme taJebnse (ERA) \nb{´W§Ä¡pÅ Aôp \nÀtZi§Ä am{XamWv.]mcnkvYnXnI A\paXn¡p am[hv KmUvKnð kanXnbpsS \nÀtZi§Ä _m[Iambncn¡psaóp \nÀtZin¡Wsaó tKmh ^utïjsâ lÀPnbnð tZiob lcnX ss{S_yqWð Ignª hÀjw sk]väw_À 20\v CS¡me \nÀtZiw \ðInbncpóp. ]ÝnaL«w apgph³ ]cnkvYnXn temesaóp {]Jym]n¡WsaóXpÄs¸sS \nÀtZi§fpÅ KmUvKnð kanXn dnt¸mÀ«v A§s\ {]m_ey¯nembn.
Fómð, Ignª 12\v F³PnSn ]gb D¯chnð t`ZKXnIÄ hcp¯n. KmUvKnð kanXn dnt¸mÀ«nse \nÀtZi§Ä am{Xw ]men¡Wsaóp \nÀ_Ôansñópw IkvXqcncwK³ dnt¸mÀ«pw aäp Imcy§fpw IW¡nseSp¯v ]mcnkvYnXnI A\paXn kw_Ôn¨ Xocpam\saSp¡msaómWp ]pXnb D¯chnð hyàam¡nbXv. Cu \nÀtZiw apXem¡n, IÀi\ hyhkvYIfpÅ KmUvKnð dnt¸mÀ«ns\ adnIS¡m\mWv Ignª Znhks¯ \nÀtZi¯neqsS {ian¨sXómWp ]cnkvYnXn a{´meb hr¯§Ä kqNn¸n¡póXv. AXmbXv, Ignª hÀjw sk]väw_À 20 apXð Ignª Znhkwhsc KmUvKnð dnt¸mÀ«nse \nÀtZi§fmWv \nehnepïmbncpóXv. AXnt¸mÄ CñmXmbn.
]ÝnaL«w apgph\pw ]cnkvYnXn temesaópw, aqóp taJeIfmbn Xncn¨v \nb{´W§Ä GÀs¸Sp¯Wsaópw KmUvKnð \nÀtZin¨ncpóp. Fómð, Ignª Znhkand¡nb \nÀtZia\pkcn¨v ]ÝnaL«¯nse 37 % {]tZiw am{XamWv ]cnkvYnXn temew. At¸mÄ, Ignª 14 amkambn \nehnepïmbncpóXnt\¡mÄ DZmcamb hyhkvYIfmWv Ct¸mÄ \nÀtZin¨n«pÅXv.
]ÝnaL«¯nsâ AXncpIÄ, \nb{´W hyhkvYIÄ XpS§nbh DÄs¸Sp¯nbpÅ IcSp hnÚm]\w DSs\ ]pd¯phcpsaómWp kqN\. Ignª 12\v F³PnSn tKmh ^utïjsâ tIkv ]cnKWn¨t¸mÄ, X§Ä Ignª amkw 19\p ]pd¯nd¡nb Hm^nkv sat½mdmïw ]cnkvYnXn a{´mebw ^bð sNbvXncpóp. IcSv hnÚm]\w ]ckys¸Sp¯n A`n{]mbw tI«tijamhpw A´na hnÚm]\and¡pIsbópw \nÀtZi§Ä \S¸m¡póXn\p taðt\m«w hln¡m³ kanXnsb \ntbmKn¡psaópw CXnð ]dªn«pïv.
Fómð, hnÚm]\¯nsâ kz`mhw, kab]cn[n, taðt\m« kanXnbpsS {]hÀ¯\ coXn XpS§nb Imcy§sf¡pdn¨v Hm^okv sat½mdmï¯nð hyàXbnsñóv F³PnSn hnebncp¯n. AXn\mð, Imcy§Ä hyàam¡nbpÅ kXyhmMvaqew ASp¯ amkw 14-\Iw ^bð sN¿WsaómWv tI{µ¯n\pÅ \nÀtZiw. ASp¯ amkw 17-\mWv tIkv hoïpw ]cnKWn¡póXv.
IkvXqcncwK³
kanXn dnt¸mÀ«v XXz¯nð AwKoIcn¡m³ tI{µ kÀ¡mÀ Xocpam\n¨ kmlNcy¯nð,
KmUvKnð kanXn \nÀtZi§Ä \S¸m¡Wsaó tKmh ^utïjsâ tIkv ImelcWs¸s«óv
F³PnSnbnð tIcfw hmZapóbn¨n«pïv. C¡mcyhpw ASp¯ XhW ]cnKWn¡pw. Dt±in¡pó
\S]SnIÄ kw_Ôn¨p a{´mebw hyàam¡nb Imcy§fnð AhyàXbpsïóp tZiob lcnX
ss{S_yqWð (F³PnSn) t]mepw IgnªZnhkw hnaÀin¨p. {]iv\¯nsâ \nbahi§Ä
]cntim[n¡pó ss{S_yqWen\pt]mepw Imcy§Ä hyàamIpónsñ¦nð ]nsó km[mcW¡mcpsS
Imcyw ]dtbïXptïm? IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn ip]mÀiIfpsS ]Ým¯e¯nepbÀó Bi¦Ifpw
A`n{]mb§fpw t{ImUoIcn¨p tIcf¯nsâ \ne]mSv tI{µs¯ t_m[ys¸Sp¯póXn\p
cq]oIcn¡s¸« kanXnbpsS {]kàn Fs´ó tNmZywt]mepw ]ecpw Dóbn¨Xp a{´meb¯nsâ
\S]SnIÄ thï{X hyàX Dd¸m¡nbpÅXsñó Btcm]W¯n\v ASnhcbnSpóp.A´na Xocpam\saSp¡póXn\p ap³]p kwkvYm\§fpsS adp]Sn¡p tI{µw \mepamks¯ kabw Cóse \ðInbn«pïv. IcSp hnÚm]\w Xsó tIcfapÄs¸sSbpÅ kwkvYm\§fpsS, Cu kwkvYm\§fnse P\§fpsS, hntijn¨p e£¡W¡mb IÀjIcpsS Bi¦Ifpw \nÀtZi§fpw ]cnKWn¨tijw Xbmdm¡Wsaóp kwkvYm\ kÀ¡mÀ XoÀ¨bmbpw Bhiys¸tSïXmWv. CXn\mbn kwkvYm\s¯ cm{ãob t\XrXzw tI{µ¯nð XpSÀ¨bmbn k½ÀZwsNep¯Ww. ]cnkvYnXn kwc£Wt¯msSm¸w ImÀjnI Xmð]cy§Ä ]qÀWambn kwc£n¡s¸SpIbpw thWw.
tIcf¯nse P\§sf {]XnIqeambn _m[n¡pó Hcp hyhkvYbpw kwkvYm\ kÀ¡mÀ AwKoIcn¡nsñóp apJya{´n D½³ Nmïn hyàam¡nbn«pïv. _Ôs¸«hcpamsbñmw NÀ¨ \S¯n AhcpsS Bi¦IÄ ]cnlcn¡m\mWv C\n kwkvYm\ kÀ¡mÀ apón«ndt§ïXv. kwkvYm\¯p ]ebnS¯pw Ct¸mÄ Dbcpó sshImcnI {]XnIcW§fpw A{Ia§fpw C¡mcy¯ns\mcp ]cnlmcamhnñ. s]mXp þ kzImcy kz¯p¡Ä \in¸n¨psImïpÅ kac]cn]mSnIÄ kmaqlnIhncp²cpsS ssIIfnse¯m\pw {]t£m`w A§s\ ssIhn«pt]mIm\papÅ km[yX ImWmXncpópIqSm. IqSnbmtemN\IfneqsSbpw A`n{]mbka\zb¯neqsSbpw {]iv\]cnlmc¯n\pÅ kua\kyamWv Fñm `mK¯p\nópapïmtIïXv.
tIcf¯nse CSp¡n Pnñbnse tZhnIpfw, ]ocptaSv, sXmSp]pg, DSp¼tôme, I®qÀ Pnñbnse XeÈേcn, sImñw Pnñbnse ]¯\m]pcw, tIm«bw Pnñbnse Imªnc¸Ån, ao\¨nð, tImgnt¡mSv Pnñbnse tImgnt¡mSv, sImbnemïn, hSIc, ae¸pdw Pnñbnse \ne¼qÀ, ]me¡mSv Pnñbnse NnäqÀ, a®mÀ¡mSv, ]¯\wXn«bnse tImgtôcn, dmón, Xncph\´]pcw Pnñbnse s\Spa§mSv, s\¿män³Ic, XrÈqÀ Pnñbnse apIpµ]pcw, hb\mSv Pnñbnse am\´hmSn, ssh¯ncn Fóo Xmeq¡pIfnemWv ]cnkvYnXn teme{]tZi§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv. a{´meb¯nsâ D¯chv ewLn¡s¸SpIbmsW¦nð 1986-se ]cnkvYnXn (kwc£W) \nba{]Imcw \nba\S]SnbpïmIpsaópw D¯chnð ]dbpópïv.
IkvXqcncwK³ kanXn dnt¸mÀ«v {]ImcapÅ ]cnkvYnXnteme{]tZi§Ä
(hntñPv, Pnñm ASnkvYm\¯nð)
Xncph\´]pcw þ s\Spa§mSv Xmeq¡v: s]cn§½e, sXóqÀ, hnXpc, a®qÀ¡c. s\¿män³Ic Xmeq¡v: hmgn¨mð, IÅn¡mSv, Aw]qcn.
sImñw- ]¯\m]pcw Xmeq¡v: ]póe, ]ndh´qÀ, CSa¬, sX³ae, Bcy¦mhv, Xn¦Ä¡cn¡Iw, Ipf¯q¸pg, N®t¸«.
tIm«bw- Imªnc¸Ån Xmeq¡v: Iq«n¡ð. ao\¨nð Xmeq¡v: taepImhv, Xot¡mbn, ]qªmÀ sXt¡¡c.
CSp¡n þ tZhnIpfw Xmeq¡v: adbqÀ, Iogm´qÀ, I®³tZh³ lnðkv, Ip«¼pg, sIm«Im¼qÀ, Im´ñqÀ, h«hS, am¦pfw, aómwIïw, ]Ånhmkð, B\hnc«n, Ipôn¯®n, shůqhð. ]ocptaSv Xmeq¡v : D¸pXd, Ipanfn, aªpae, s]cnbmÀ, sIm¡bmÀ, ]ocptaSv, ta¸md, s]cph´m\w. sXmSp]pg Xmeq¡v: Iªn¡pgn, DSp¼óqÀ, CSp¡nbpsS `mKw, Ad¡pfw.
DSp¼³tNme Xmeq¡v: Nnó¡\mð, ss_k¬hmen, cmPIpamcn, ]q¸md, cmPm¡mSv, sImós¯mSn, im´³]md, Im´n¸md, hm¯n¡pSn, NXpcwK]md, DSp¼³tNme, D¸ptXmSv, ]mdt¯mSv, Ið¡q´ð, X¦aWnbpsS `mKw, A¿¸³tImhnð, ]m¼mSpw]md, I«¸\, IcpWm]pcw, hï³taSv, B\¡c, B\hnemkw, N¡p]Åw.
]¯\wXn« -tImgtôcn Xmeq¡v: X®nt¯mSv, Acphm¸pew. dmón Xmeq¡v: NnämÀ-koXt¯mSv, sImñapf, s]cp\mSv, hStÈcn¡c.
Xncph\´]pcw þ s\Spa§mSv Xmeq¡v: s]cn§½e, sXóqÀ, hnXpc, a®qÀ¡c. s\¿män³Ic Xmeq¡v: hmgn¨mð, IÅn¡mSv, Aw]qcn.
sImñw- ]¯\m]pcw Xmeq¡v: ]póe, ]ndh´qÀ, CSa¬, sX³ae, Bcy¦mhv, Xn¦Ä¡cn¡Iw, Ipf¯q¸pg, N®t¸«.
tIm«bw- Imªnc¸Ån Xmeq¡v: Iq«n¡ð. ao\¨nð Xmeq¡v: taepImhv, Xot¡mbn, ]qªmÀ sXt¡¡c.
CSp¡n þ tZhnIpfw Xmeq¡v: adbqÀ, Iogm´qÀ, I®³tZh³ lnðkv, Ip«¼pg, sIm«Im¼qÀ, Im´ñqÀ, h«hS, am¦pfw, aómwIïw, ]Ånhmkð, B\hnc«n, Ipôn¯®n, shůqhð. ]ocptaSv Xmeq¡v : D¸pXd, Ipanfn, aªpae, s]cnbmÀ, sIm¡bmÀ, ]ocptaSv, ta¸md, s]cph´m\w. sXmSp]pg Xmeq¡v: Iªn¡pgn, DSp¼óqÀ, CSp¡nbpsS `mKw, Ad¡pfw.
DSp¼³tNme Xmeq¡v: Nnó¡\mð, ss_k¬hmen, cmPIpamcn, ]q¸md, cmPm¡mSv, sImós¯mSn, im´³]md, Im´n¸md, hm¯n¡pSn, NXpcwK]md, DSp¼³tNme, D¸ptXmSv, ]mdt¯mSv, Ið¡q´ð, X¦aWnbpsS `mKw, A¿¸³tImhnð, ]m¼mSpw]md, I«¸\, IcpWm]pcw, hï³taSv, B\¡c, B\hnemkw, N¡p]Åw.
]¯\wXn« -tImgtôcn Xmeq¡v: X®nt¯mSv, Acphm¸pew. dmón Xmeq¡v: NnämÀ-koXt¯mSv, sImñapf, s]cp\mSv, hStÈcn¡c.
XrÈqÀ þ apIpµ]pcw Xmeq¡v: ]cnbmcw.
]me¡mSv þ Be¯qÀ Xmeq¡v: Ing¡tôcn-. NnäqÀ Xmeq¡v: apXeaS-1, apXeaS-2, s\ñnbm¼Xn. a®mÀ¡mSv Xmeq¡v: ]pXqÀ, ]mShbð, AKfn, tIm«¯d, Iñmae, tjmfbmÀ, ]me¡bw. ]me¡mSv Xmeq¡v: ]pXp¸cnbmcw-1, ae¼pg-1, ]pXptÈcn CuÌv.
ae¸pdw þ \ne¼qÀ Xmeq¡v: Np¦¯d, Ipdp¼net§mSv, hgn¡Shv, AI¼mSw, Icpfmbv, Aac¼ew, Not¡mSv, ImfnImhv, tIcf FtÌäv, Icphmc¡pïv.
tImgnt¡mSv þ tImgnt¡mSv Xmeq¡v: sIShqÀ, ]pXp¸mSn, s\ñns¸mbnð, tImStôcn, Xncph¼mSn. sImbnemïn Xmeq¡v: sN¼t\mS, N¡n«]md. hSIc Xmeq¡v: Xn\qÀ, Imhnep¼md.
hb\mSv þ am\´hmSn Xmeq¡v: Xncps\ñn, XrÈntecn, t]cnb, sXmïÀ\mSv. kpð¯m³ _t¯cn Xmeq¡v: InS§\mSv, \qð¸pg. ssh¯ncn Xmeq¡v: XcntbmSv, A¨qcm\w, s]mgpX\, tIm«¸SnbpsS `mKw, Nptïð, Ipó¯nShI, shÅcnae.
I®qÀ -XetÈcn Xmeq¡v: Bdfw, sIm«nbqÀ, sNdphmtôcn.
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